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Ravi Shankar (; 7 April 192011 December 2012), born Robindro Shaunkor Chowdhury,〔 his name often preceded by the title Pandit, was an Indian musician and composer who was one of the best-known exponents of the sitar in the second half of the 20th century as a composer of Hindustani classical music. Shankar was born to a Bengali family in Benares, British India,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-music/classical-singers/ravi-shankar.html )〕 and spent his youth touring India and Europe with the dance group of his brother Uday Shankar. He gave up dancing in 1938 to study sitar playing under court musician Allauddin Khan. After finishing his studies in 1944, Shankar worked as a composer, creating the music for the ''Apu Trilogy'' by Satyajit Ray, and was music director of All India Radio, New Delhi, from 1949 to 1956. In 1956 he began to tour Europe and the Americas playing Indian classical music and increased its popularity there in the 1960s through teaching, performance, and his association with violinist Yehudi Menuhin and Beatles guitarist George Harrison. Shankar engaged Western music by writing compositions for sitar and orchestra, and toured the world in the 1970s and 1980s. From 1986 to 1992, he served as a nominated member of Rajya Sabha, the upper chamber of the Parliament of India. He continued to perform up until the end of his life. In 1999, Shankar was awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna. == Early life == Shankar was born on 7 April 1920 in Varanasi, British India, to a Bengali family, as the youngest of seven brothers.〔Lavezzoli 2006, p. 48〕〔Massey 1996, p. 159〕 His father, Shyam Shankar, was a Middle Temple barrister and scholar from East Bengal (now Bangladesh). A respected statesman, lawyer and politician, he served for several years as ''dewan'' (chief minister) of Jhalawar, Rajasthan, and used the Sanskrit spelling of the family name and removed its last part.〔〔Ghosh 1983, p. 7〕 Shyam was married to Shankar's mother Hemangini Devi who hailed from a small village named Nasrathpur in Mardah block of Ghazipur district, near Benares, and her father was a prosperous landlord. Shyam later worked as a lawyer in London, England,〔 and there he married a second time while Devi raised Shankar in Varanasi, and did not meet his son until he was eight years old.〔 Shankar shortened the Sanskrit version of his first name, Ravindra, to Ravi, for "sun".〔 Shankar had six siblings, only four of whom lived past infancy: Uday, Rajendra, Debendra and Bhupendra. Shankar attended the Bengalitola High School in Benares between 1927 and 1928.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.designbluemanila.com/test/rmaf/main/awardees/awardee/biography/123 )〕 At the age of ten, after spending his first decade in Varanasi, Shankar went to Paris with the dance group of his brother, choreographer Uday Shankar.〔Slawek 2001, pp. 202–203〕〔Ghosh 1983, p. 55〕 By the age of 13 he had become a member of the group, accompanied its members on tour and learned to dance and play various Indian instruments.〔〔 Uday's dance group toured Europe and the United States in the early to mid-1930s and Shankar learned French, discovered Western classical music, jazz, cinema and became acquainted with Western customs.〔Lavezzoli 2006, p. 50〕 Shankar heard the lead musician for the Maihar court, Allauddin Khan, in December 1934 at a music conference in Kolkata and Uday convinced the Maharaja of Maihar in 1935 to allow Khan to become his group's soloist for a tour of Europe.〔 Shankar was sporadically trained by Khan on tour, and Khan offered Shankar training to become a serious musician under the condition that he abandon touring and come to Maihar.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ravi Shankar」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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